Ultimo aggiornamento: 31/01/2026
Le malformazioni vaginali sono patologie anatomiche congenite derivanti da uno sviluppo embrionale anomalo dei dotti di Müller che determina l’assenza (agenesia, ipoplasia) o la formazione anomala della vagina (setti, ipoplasia, imene imperforato). I dotti di Müller danno origine a utero e ai 2/3 superiori della vagina.
Epidemiologia – le MV si presentano con una frequenza del 1-5% circa delle donne
Diagnostica: La diagnosi si basa su esami di diagnostica per immagini (ecografia/RM),
TERAPIA: le opzioni terapeutiche si concentrano sulla creazione o riparazione della vagina mediante dilatazione e/o intervento chirurgico.

PRINCIPALI TIPI DI MALFORMAZIONI VAGINALI:
1. Aplasia vaginale: è la più frequente fra le anomalie vaginali (1/4.000 donne). E’ causata da difetti di canalizzazione dei dotti di Muller. Può essere totale, con corni uterini in genere rudimentali, o parziale (1-6). E’ dovuta al mancato sviluppo totale o parziale dei dotti di Müller.
La sintomatologia è causata da ritenzione del sangue mestruale (ematocolpo/ ematometra) (1,2).
Sindrome di Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKHS): é una malformazione congenita dell’apparato genitale femminile caratterizzata principalmente da aplasia uterina e vaginale. La MRKHS è chiamata anche aplasia mulleriana perchè causata dal mancato sviluppo dei dotti di Muller. (3,4). La maggior parte delle pazienti con tali sintomi presenta cariotipo 46,XX, ma alcune sono dotate di un mosaico di cromosomi sessuali (45X/46XX; 46XX/47XXX).
Diagnostica della MRKHS:
-
- caratteri sessuali secondari normali, di tipo femminile
- agenesia vaginale quasi completa
- corpo dell’utero rappresentato da due cordoni, due corni uterini e un tratto fibroso mediano che corre nello spazio vescico-rettale fino alla formazione imenale
- due tube ben conformate e due ovaie normali e perfettamente funzionanti perchè provengono da siti embriologici diversi
- genitali esterni normali, di tipo femminile
- nel 20%, 25% dei casi sono presenti malformazioni a carico dell’apparato renale con ectopia o aplasia renale.
Sintomatologia della MRKHS:
- amenorrea primaria – Dopo la disgenesia gonadica, la sindrome di Rokitansky è la seconda causa più comune di amenorrea primaria (5).
- dispareunia. – la difficoltà ad avere rapporti non sempre è presente. Infatti non raramente è presente un tratto di vagina, che, anche se breve, può consentire, dopo un po’ di tempo, un’attività sessuale soddisfacente per l’allungamento del moncone vaginale.
Terapia della MRKHS: neovagina con dilatatori o tecniche chirurgiche.
A. Il trattamento non chirurgico mediante l’uso di dilatatori vaginali graduati può richiedere da diversi mesi ad alcuni anni prima che si formi una vagina funzionale
B. Trattamento chirurgico mediante vaginoplastica si prefigge l’obiettivo di creare una neo-vagina. Il trattamento chirurgico dovrebbe essere preso in considerazione solo quando la paziente desidera diventare sessualmente attiva ed è fortemente motivata a utilizzare una protesi vaginale per diversi mesi dopo l’intervento chirurgico. La neo-vagina può essere creata utilizzando innesto cutaneo a tutto spessore o lembi di trasposizione.
2. Ipoplasia vaginale: vagina di lunghezza e diametro molto inferiori ai parametri fisiologici. E’ quasi sempre presente nelle pazienti affette da S. di Morris
3. Setti vaginali:
- Setti trasversali o diaframmi – relativamente frequenti, possono essere perforati (asintomatici) o imperforati con stessi sintomi dell’imene imperforato (ematometra/ematocolpo dopo la pubertà e mucocolpo nelle bambine pre-puberi).

- Setti longitudinali: completi o incompleti, nel primo caso si parla di vagina doppia e generalmente sono associati ad altre malformazioni doppie. A volte una delle due vagine termina a fondo cieco mentre l’altra metà comunica con un emiutero funzionante. I due terzi superiori della vagina, come anche l’utero, derivano dalla fusione dei due dotti di Müller. Normalmente, la parte mediana dei dotti di Müller fusi forma un setto che si riassorbe per formare una singola cavità vaginale; il fallimento di questo riassorbimento porta ad una vagina con setto longitudinale completo o parziale.
4. imene imperforato: non si osserverà la frangia tipica dell’imene cribrato. Oltre a presentare amenorrea primaria, la pz. con imene imperforato presenta una sintomatologia dolorosa addomino-pelvica ed ematocolpo. Il trattamento di dell’imene imperforato consiste nell’incisione del setto e nel drenaggio chirurgico.
5. Fistoli uretero-vaginali congenite: L’ectopia ureterale, le fistoli uretero-vaginali e la persistenza del dotto di Gartner sono causate dal fallimento della separazione della gemma ureterale dal condotto mesonefrico (7).
References:
- Ruggeri G1, Gargano T, Antonellini C, Carlini V, Randi B, Destro F, Lima M.Vaginal malformations: a proposed classification based on embryological, anatomical and clinical criteria and their surgical management (an analysis of 167 cases). Pediatr Surg Int. 2012 Aug;28(8):797-803. doi: 10.1007/s00383-012-3121-7.
- Wester T, Tovar JA, Rintala RJ. Vaginal agenesis or distal vaginal atresia associated with anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 2012 Mar; 47(3):571-6.
- Hořejší J. Congenital developmental defects of derivates of müllerian ducts. Endocr Dev. 2012; 22:251-70. Epub 2012 Jul 25.
- Evans TN, Poland ML, Boving RL. Vaginal malformations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141:910–20.
- Reindollar RH, Byrd JR, McDonough PG. Delayed sexual development: a study of 252 patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;140:371–80.
- New MI. Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Invest 1970;49:1930–41.
- Wunsch L, Holterhus PM, Wessel L, Hiort O. Patients with disorders of sex development (DSD) at risk of gonadal tumour development: management based on laparoscopic biopsy and molecular diagnosis. BJU Int 2012;110: E958–65.
- Dornelas J, Jármy-Di Bella ZI, Heinke T, Kajikawa MM, Takano CC, Zucchi EV, Girão MJ. Vaginoplasty with oxidized cellulose: anatomical, functional and histological evaluation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012 Aug; 163(2):204-9. Epub 2012 Jun 26.
- Capraro VJ, Gallego MB. Vaginal agenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 124: 98-107.
- LODI A. [Clinical and statistical study on vaginal malformations at the Obstetrical and Gynecological Clinic in Milano, 1906-50]. Ann Ostet Ginecol 1951; 73:1246.
- Dwyer PL, Rosamilia A. Congenital urogenital anomalies that are associated with the persistence of Gartner’s duct: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195:354.
- Tolhurst DE, van der Helm TW.The treatment of vaginal atresia. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991; 172(5): 407-14.
- Forstner R1, Hricak H.: Congenital malformations of uterus and vagina. Radiologe. 1994 Jul;34(7):397-404.
- Marcal L, Nothaft MA, Coelho F, Volpato R, Iyer R. Mullerian duct anomalies: MR imaging. Abdom Imaging. Dec 2011;36(6):756-64.
- Bermejo C, Martínez Ten P, Cantarero R, Diaz D, Pérez Pedregosa J, Barrón E, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound in the diagnosis of Müllerian duct anomalies and concordance with magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. May 2010;35(5):593-601.
- Li, S; Qayyum, A; Coakley, FV; Hricak, H (2000). “Association of renal agenesis and mullerian duct anomalies.”. Journal of computer assisted tomography24 (6): 829–34.
- Heinonen, PK (2006). “Complete septate uterus with longitudinal vaginal septum.”. Fertility and Sterility85 (3): 700–5.
- Perez-Brayfield, MR; Clarke, HS; Pattaras, JG (2002). “Complete bladder, urethral, and vaginal duplication in a 50-year-old woman.”. Urology60 (3): 514.
- Parsanez ME, Alborzi S, Zarei A, Dehbahi S, Shirazi LG, Rajaeefard A. Hysteroscopic metroplasty of the complete uterine septum, duplicate cervix, and vaginal septum. Fertil Steril 2006;85:1473-7.
- Brun JL. Malformation utérines et stérilité. Contracept Fertil Sex 1996;24:343-6.
- Raga F, Bauset C, Remohi J, Bonilla- Musoles F, Simon C, Pellicer A. Reproductive impact of congenital mullerian anomalies. Human Reprod 1997;12:2277-81.
Queste pagine fanno parte del sito fertilitycenter.it in internet da marzo 2011. I testi, le tabelle, i disegni e le immagini pubblicati in queste pagine sono coperte da copyright ma a disposizione di tutti per copia e riproduzione purchè venga citata la fonte con link al sito www.fertilitycenter.it.
Ringrazio i lettori per la cortese attenzione e li prego di voler comunicare le loro osservazioni e consigli su eventuali errori o esposizioni incomplete.
Enzo Volpicelli.
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