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Carcinoma mammario papillare

Papillary Carcinoma of the Breast

Da dottvolpicelli

È un tipo di tumore molto raro (0,5-2% di tutte le neoplasie mammarie). È chiamato così perché al microscopio le cellule tumorali sono disposte in una forma che ricorda una felce. Si sviluppa di preferenza nelle donne di età >60 anni e in post-menopausa.

Il carcinoma mammario papillare può presentarsi in diversi tipi:

  • Carcinoma mammario papillare invasivo
  • Carcinoma mammario micropapillare invasivo
  • Carcinoma papillare intracistico/incapsulato/incistato
  • Carcinoma duttale papillare in situ

È spesso associato ad altri tipi di ca. mammario ed in particolare al carcinoma duttale in situ (DCIS).

EZIOLOGIA: Il carcinoma mammario papillare si verifica quando si sviluppano mutazioni nel DNA delle cellule dei dotti mammari.

DIAGNOSTICA:

  • All’esame obiettivo si palpa un nodulo o ispessimento del parenchima mammario e spesso sono presenti perdite ematiche dal capezzolo e introflessione del capezzolo.
  • Mammografia
  • Ultrasuonografia: è la modalità di imaging più ampiamente studiata. Si evidenziano tre profili ecografici di base: (1) massa intraduttale con o senza dilatazione duttale, (2) massa intracistica e (3) modello solido con una massa intraduttale che riempie completamente il dotto. Spesso sono presenti microcalcificazioni.
  • Biopsia centrale del nodulo usando un ago cavo per prelevare un campione di tessuto mammario da esaminare al microscopio 
  • Aspirazione con ago sottile (FNA) 

Immunoistochimica – il ca. papillare è  un cancro triplo negativo, (TNBC): sulle cellule tumorali non si riscontrano recettori per estrogeni (ER) nè recettori per il progesterone (PR) e non HER2. Quindi né la terapia ormonale né la terapia mirata sono efficaci. Il 10-20% di questi tumori possiedono recettori per gli androgeni (AR positivi) e da un punto di vista molecolare, questi tumori sono molto simili a quelli della prostata, e potrebbero quindi essere suscettibile agli stessi agenti terapeutici come la bicalutamide (farmaco antiandrogeno non steroideo).

Aspetto istologico: Il carcinoma papillare solido macroscopicamente appare come noduli ben circoscritti, densamente cellulari.  All’esame istologico si evidenziano proliferazioni cellulari che circondano i nuclei fibrovascolari, con o senza invasione.  La mucina intracellulare ed extracellulare associata è un reperto comune. I carcinomi papillari solidi sono spesso accompagnati da aree associate di carcinoma invasivo. 

TERAPIA

La chirurgia  è di solito il primo e il più importante trattamento per tutti i tipi di carcinoma papillare. Viene praticata una lumpectomia oppure mastectomia se il ca. è di notevole dimensioni oppure è interessata più di un’area mammaria. A volte è necessario un ulteriore intervento chirurgico se il margine del tessuto apparentemente normale che circonda il tumore che è stato rimosso durante la prima operazione non risulta assolutamente indenne all’esame istologico.

La chemioterapia post-chirurgica migliora la sopravvivenza a 5 anni (79% vs. 69%) ed attualmente è l’unica terapia medica effettivamente disponibile.

 

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